Info on Intel's Dual-Core Atom 330 Processor Hits Internets

Last we'd heard about dual-core version of Intel's tiny Atom processor it was delayed through supply problems... but now info on Intel's Atom 330 dual-core has arrived. It's a desktop chip, with a 533MHz frontside bus and based on the 45nm process, though there's no info on its clock speeds yet. It'll be compatible with Intel's upcoming D945GCLF2 mini-ITX motherboard, a 945GX chipset/GMA 950 graphics chip board due in September, which is presumably when the 330 hits the streets too. As yet there's no news on a mobile version, bearing the letter N in its numeric title. [Reghardware]
Read More: Ditch the Plasma and Hang Six PCs on the Wall, Silicon Valley's Birthplace of the Semiconductor: Now a Fruit and Vegetable Stand, FBI Alleges Intel Employee Stole Secrets Before Leaving to AMD, Intel 80GB Solid-State Drives Get Official (and High) Price Tag, Are Blazing Fast

Intel Products

Intel Product Index

Desktop
Intel® vPro™ technology
Intel® Viiv™ technology
Processors
Boards
Chipsets
Adapters
Solid-State Drives and Caching

Notebook
Intel® Centrino® processor technology
Intel® Centrino® with vPro™ technology
Processors
Chipsets
Adapters
Mobile Internet Device (MID)
Solid-State Drives and Caching

Server
Processors
Chipsets
Systems
Boards
Adapters
Chassis
Blade servers
RAID controllers
Storage systems
Carrier grade servers
Solid-State Drives

Workstation
Processors
Chipsets
Boards
Solid-State Drives and Caching

Embedded and communications
Processors
Chipsets
Wireless networking
Desktop adapters
Server adapters
Ethernet controllers
Compute boards and platforms
RFID
Microcontrollers

Processors
Desktop
Notebook
Server
Workstation
Embedded and communications

Motherboards
Desktop boards
Server boards
Workstation boards

Chipsets
Desktop
Notebook
Server
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Intel Graphics
Embedded
Consumer electronics

Consumer electronics
Media processing components
Demodulators and tuners

Technical books
Programming
Computer system design
Network infrastructure design
Strategic technologies
IT best practices

Software products
Compilers
VTune™ analyzers
Performance libraries
Threading tools
Cluster tools

Storage and I/O
Serial ATA controllers
SAS controllers
Solid-State Drives and Caching

Intel Info

Microsoft amassing high-performance server software
Microsoft has built a strategy around the planned early-November release of its high-performance computing server that it hopes will be the catalyst to deliver massive computing power for future applications.

Sprint's WiMAX network set for October launch
After months of anticipation, Sprint Nextel will make its WiMAX network available commercially for the first time in Baltimore next month.

NASA ramps up weather research with supercomputer cluster
NASA's Center for Computational Sciences is nearly tripling the performance of a supercomputer it uses to simulate Earth's climate and weather, and our planet's relationship with the Sun.

No virtual bridge from Xeon to AMD, Intel says
VMware customers are getting a bit more freedom in the way they can transfer virtual machines from one Intel-based server to another, but they shouldn't hold their breath waiting for a bridge between Intel and AMD-based ...

Former Intel engineer charged with stealing trade secrets
A former Intel Corp. design engineer has been charged with theft of trade secrets from the chipmaker while secretly working for rival Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

Intel sees future with shape-shifting robots, wireless power
The intelligence gap between man and machine will largely close by the year 2050, according to Intel's chief technology officer, who yesterday reiterated that point during a keynote address at the Intel Developer Forum.

Intel to release Nehalem laptop chips next year
Consumer laptops and desktops could get faster and more power-efficient when Intel releases chips built around its new Nehalem microarchitecture in the second half of 2009.

New York launches antitrust investigation of Intel
New York state Attorney General Andrew Cuomo has launched an antitrust investigation of Intel, and on Thursday, his office served a wide-ranging subpoena on the company.

How to buy a mini-laptop
Mini-laptops are among the hottest new products this year and with the back-to-school sales season upon us, I created a list of items to help you choose the right one.

Intel demos prototype in India of US$114 Atom device
Intel Thursday showed a prototype of a range of low-cost "nettops' that are to be introduced in the country over the next several months. The devices, will be offered in the country by domestic and multinational PC ...

More cores, bigger cache give boost to Dunnington
Intel plans to launch its six-core Xeon server processor next month, with the extra cores and a larger cache giving the chip a performance advantage over the company's existing quad-core chips.

Intel confirms OQO to use Atom in handheld PC
Intel on Wednesday confirmed that its Atom chips will be used in an upcoming handheld computer from OQO, a significant design win for the chip maker.

Intel's next mobile chip prepped for sampling
Intel on Wednesday said its next low-power chip for mobile phones is being readied for sampling -- progress for the chip maker that has big plans in the mobile space.

How You Can Reduce Your Power Consumption
Join me in talking Tom Simmons, Citrix Federal area Vice President, about why these companies joined forces to sponsor this event, learn how companies can participate, what would be considered a success and how you can ...

Intel laptop platform to boost graphics, power use
Intel's next-generation platform for laptops will provide more visually stunning graphics and better power management features, the company said on Tuesday.

OQO shows off handheld computer based on Atom
Handheld computer maker OQO showed off an Atom-based device at the Intel Developer Forum in San Francisco, a significant design win for the chip maker.

N-Data back with different patents
Six months after settling with the FTC on an Ethernet-related patent, Negotiated Data Solutions, or N-Data, is back in the headlines.

AMD aims high-end graphics cards at Nvidia
Advanced Micro Devices Tuesday unveiled a graphics card, the ATI Radeon HD 4870 X2, that is widely expected to outperform rival Nvidia's top-end graphics card, the GeForce GTX 280.

Intel plots a Web 2.0 play with Facebook
Intel on Thursday said it would supply chips and programming tools to power Facebook servers, which Intel hopes will bring it a larger presence in the burgeoning Web 2.0 market.

LinuxWorld: Community roots bolster Linux growth
Linux is beginning to find its legs as the foundation in many different technologies and in the process is fueling a feedback loop that is helping accelerate the operating system's popularity.

Intel to release anti-theft technology for laptops
Intel plans to release an anti-theft technology for laptops during the fourth quarter of this year, but the company isn't offering many details yet.

BULLETIN - New York launches antitrust investigation of Intel
New York state Attorney General Andrew Cuomo has launched an antitrust investigation of Intel, and on Thursday, his office served a wide-ranging subpoena on the company.

ia's Nano processor tops Intel's Atom in first reviews
Performance comparisons of Via Technologies' Nano processor and Intel's Atom chip conducted by several hardware-enthusiast sites Tuesday confirmed what many industry observers have long suspected: the Taiwanese ...
Intel working on third generation of Classmate PCs
Intel will announce details of the next generation of Classmate PCs soon, with new hardware and software that will make the laptops more user-friendly, the company said Wednesday.

Intel takes on embedded market with Atom chip
Taking a jab at the embedded market, Intel on Wednesday said it was working on new x86 chips to use in devices ranging from consumer electronics to mobile phones.

Dell

EqualLogic rolls out massive iSCSI array
EqualLogic, now part of Dell, launched a new storage array last week that is the company's largest array to date.

Advanced switching grabs Interop New York spotlight
Switching will take center stage at this week's Interop New York conference, where vendors such as Foundry Networks, Enterasys Networks and Force 10 Networks will roll out new and enhanced products in defiance of a ...

Microsoft-Novell partnership yields virtualization bundle
Microsoft and Novell Thursday released a virtualization bundle that represents the pair's first fully supported joint product since their interoperability partnership was forged in 2006.

Dell targets under-performing virtual machines with new blades, storage
Dell announced a broad set of services and hardware designed to optimize both storage and server virtualization on Wednesday.

Vodafone to resell Dell's netbook
Dell's new netbook, the Inspiron Mini 9, will be sold with built-in mobile broadband by Vodafone, the companies announced on Thursday.

Report: Dell in talks to sell PC factories
Computer-maker Dell is attempting to off-load its computer manufacturing plants around the world, The Wall Street Journal reported in its Friday edition.

Dell (Equallogic) PS5000XV
When Dell acquired Equallogic early this year, it bought an up-and-coming storage vendor. Our testing of the Dell PS5000XV shows that Equallogic was a first-rate choice.

Dell puts Linux and Atom in Vostro PCs for emerging markets
Dell unveiled Wednesday two new laptops and two desktops in its Vostro range designed to meet the needs of small and medium-size enterprises (SME), governments, and educational institutions in emerging markets in Asia, ...

10 Gigabit Ethernet reaches two milestones
The 10 Gigabit Ethernet switch market reached two milestones in the second quarter of this year, according to a recent report from Dell'Oro Group.

N-Data back with different patents
Six months after settling with the FTC on an Ethernet-related patent, Negotiated Data Solutions, or N-Data, is back in the headlines.

$196M should cover costs of bad graphics chip, Nvidia says
Nvidia took a one-time warranty charge of US$196 million against its second-quarter revenue on Tuesday, saying that amount should cover the cost of replacing bad Nvidia graphics chips used in a range of laptop models ...

Dell says it's 'carbon neutral'
Dell has met its goal of becoming carbon-neutral with projects to reduce its own energy consumption and offset carbon emissions around the world.

MIC: Netbook shipments to exceed 8 million this year
Global shipments of the popular new category of mini-laptops, netbooks, will likely reach 8.02 million [M] this year and then more than double in 2009, according to a report by Taiwan's Market Intelligence Center (MIC).

Dell gains, Sun loses in worldwide server market
Dell posted the biggest gains in worldwide server revenue in the second quarter, helping it to nudge Sun Microsystems out of third place, Gartner said Thursday.

Dell looks to emerging markets, services
Dell, the world's second largest PC seller, will move faster into emerging markets and increase its services offerings as part of a plan to reverse poor financial performance, top executives said Thursday.

NetApp, Compellent, HP, Dell top the field in 12-product test
A terabyte isn't what it used to be. Disks are slower than you think. And a Gigabit Ethernet is plenty of bandwidth for many storage applications.

Under pressure: 10 sources pushing CIOs to go green
Now with a stagnating U.S. economy, CIOs need to squeeze every penny out of their IT operations and that means choosing the most efficient servers and desktops as well as data center power supplies and air conditioning ...

Dell simplifies blade server management with I/O virtualization
Dell is simplifying management of its blade servers with an I/O virtualization tool.

Dell adds storage, disaster management services to portfolio
Dell on Monday announced it was adding customizable storage and disaster management services to build out its services portfolio, which it began revamping last year.

Dell: No significant impact from Centrino 2 delay
The delayed release of Intel's Centrino 2 chip platform for notebooks will not have a significant impact, according to Dell's top executive in Asia.

Busted by blogger, Dell offers peek at low-cost laptop
Dell released pictures of an ultraportable laptop that appears designed to compete against HP's Mini-Note 2133 laptop, after Michael Dell was spotted carrying it around.

A misconfigured laptop, a wrecked life
When the Commonwealth of Massachusetts issued Michael Fiola a Dell Latitude in November 2006, it set off a chain of events that would cost him his job, his friends and about a year of his life, as he fought criminal ...

Pepsi bottler swallows skepticism, gives virtualization a try
Once skeptical of virtualization, IS manager at G&J Pepsi Cola Bottling Company in Cincinnati is leading a server and storage virtualization project.

Dell refutes rumors on end of its XPS brand
Dell's premier and successful XPS brand is not going to be pulled out, according to the company, contrary to media reports regarding the same. The report stated that Dell was going to end its XPS line up to make way for ...

AMD quad-core processors now in Sun servers
Sun on Tuesday released eight servers powered by AMD's new quad-core Opteron processor.

OSI 7 Layers Reference Model

Here you will learn OSI Model Layer Introduction, overview of the 7 OSI reference model, applicaion, session, transport, network and physical layers. If you want to remember the sequence of the OSI layers model name then the following two sentences can help you a lot for this purpose.“All People Seems To Need Data Processing”. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is developed by ISO (International organization for standardization) in 1984. OSI reference model is a logical framework for standards for the network communication.OSI reference model is now considered as a primary standard for internetworking and inter computing. Today many network communication protocols are based on the standards of OSI model. In the OSI model the network/data communication is defined into seven layers. These 7 layers further divide the tasks of moving the data across the network into subtask and hence complete one communication cycle between two computers or two network devices. Each layer is assigned a task and the task is completed independently. The OSI layers have the clear and independent characteristics and tasks. The 7 layers of the OSI models can be divided into upper and lower layers. I have defined the characteristics, tasks and features of each layer separately. Layer 7: Application Layer The application layer defines the interfaces for communication and data transfer. This layer also provides and support services such as job transfer, handles network access, e-mail, supports user applications and error recovery. Protocols: FTP, DNS, SNMP, SMTP, FINGER, TELNET, TFTP, BOOTP and SMB protocol are operated on the application layer. Network Devices: Gateway network device is operated on the application layer.Layer 6:Presentation Layer The presentation layer presents the data into a uniform format and masks the difference of data format between two dissimilar systems. It also translates the data from application to the network format. Presentation layer is also responsible for the protocol conversion, encryption, decryption and data compression. Presentation layer is a best layer for cryptography. Network Devices: Gateway Redirector is operates on the presentation layer.Layer 5: Session Layer Session layer establish and manages the session between the two users at different ends in a network. Session layer also manages who can transfer the data in a certain amount of time and for how long. The examples of session layers and the interactive logins and file transfer sessions. Session layer reconnect the session if it disconnects. It also reports and logs and upper layer errors.Protocols: The protocols that work on the session layer are NetBIOS, Mail Slots, Names Pipes, RPC Network Devices: GatewayLayer 4: Transport Layer Transport layer manages end to end message delivery in a network and also provides the error checking and hence guarantees that no duplication or errors are occurring in the data transfers across the network. Transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and retransmits the data if no error free data was transferred. It also provides and error handling and connectionless oriented data deliver in the network. Protocols: These protocols work on the transport layer TCP, SPX, NETBIOS, ATP and NWLINK. Network Devices: The Brouter, Gateway and Cable tester work on the transport layer.Layer 3: Network Layer The network layer determines that how data transmits between the network devices. It also translates the logical address into the physical address e.g computer name into MAC address. It is also responsible for defining the route, managing the network problems and addressing. Router works on the network layer and if a sending device does not break the data into the similar packets as the receiving device then network layer split the data into the smaller units and at the receiving end the network layer reassemble the data.Network layer routes the packets according to the unique network addresses. Router works as the post office and network layer stamps the letters (data) for the specific destinations. Protocols: These protocols work on the network layer IP, ICMP, ARP, RIP, OSI, IPX and OSPF. Network Devices: Network devices including Router, Brouter, Frame Relay device and ATM switch devices work on the network layer. Layer 2:Data Link Layer Defines procedures for operating the communication linksFrames packetsDetects and corrects packets transmit errorsProtocols: Logical Link Control • error correction and flow control• manages link control and defines SAPs802.1 OSI Model 802.2 Logical Link Control Media Access Control • communicates with the adapter card• controls the type of media being used:802.3 CSMA/CD (Ethernet)802.4 Token Bus (ARCnet)802.5 Token Ring802.12 Demand Priority Network Devices: Bridge SwitchISDN RouterIntelligent HubNICAdvanced Cable Tester Layer 1: Physical Layer Physical layer defines and cables, network cards and physical aspects. It defines raw bit stream on the physical media. It also provides the interface between network and network communication devices. It is also responsible for how many volts for 0 and how many for 1. Physical layer also checks the number of bits transmitted per second and two ways or one way transmission. Physical layer also dealing with the optical, mechanical and electrical features.Protocols: Protocols that work on the physical layer are ISDN, IEEE 802 and IEEE 802.2 Network Devices: Hubs, Repeaters, Oscilloscope and Amplifier works on the network devices.

Introduction to TCP/IP

Here you will learn about Tcp ip network overview, data communication, ip addressing introduction, basic protocols, routing in the internet. TCP/IP short for Transmission Control Protocol is a suite of the communication protocols used to connect the hosts on the internet. TCP and IP were developed by a department of defense (DOD) in a research project to connect the number of networks by different vendors to form a big network of networks (the Internet). It was originally successfully because of the services it gave, which everyone wanted to use such as file transfer, electronic mail, remote logon across a very large number of clients and server system. Several computers in a small network can use TCP/IP to communicate with each other. The IP component of the TCP/IP suites provides the routing between the two locally or remote computers.IP forwards each packet based on a four byte, 32 bits address. TCP is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from the client to server. TCP also supports to detect the errors in the transmission and also triggers the data to retransmit correctly.TCP/IP is a de facto standard of transferring the data on the network and on the internet. Each network operating systems that have their own protocols must support TCP/IP too. All the computers in a network must follow the rules to communication with each other. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol and it is a communication standard that defines how data travels on the internet and how network/communication devices communication with each other. Inside the TCP/IPTCP/IP is a not a single protocol but it is a suite of the protocols. There are the numerous protocols in the TCP/IP suite such as TCP, UDP, ICMP, DHCP, IMAP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSL, SMTP and many others. Internet Protocol is a connectionless protocol that is used to communicate between the two computers. IP does not occupy the communication line between the two computers. With the IP communication, data is broken into the smaller pieces called packets, and these packets communicate between the two locally or remotely connected devices in a computer network or via internet. IP is also responsible for routing the packets to its destination. Routers are responsible for routing the packets towards its destination when a computer sends packets to an IP router. Data is routed towards its destination is all by a router. Router works as a post office.TCP/IPThe TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol) work together in which TCP takes care communication between the application software i.e browsers whereas IP takes care of the communication between the computers. TCP breaks the data into smaller packets before they can be sent and IP sends the packets to the receivers.IP AddressesEach computer in a network or on internet must have a unique IP address before it can communicate with the other computer. The packets must have the address of the destination computers or devices. Each IP address is composed of 32 bits and 4 octets each packet must have an address before it can be sent to another computer.This is an IP address 100.100.100.10 and this website http://www.example.com might have mapped with the same IP address. Without a unique IP address the communication on the internet is impossible. The numbers in the address must range between 0 and 255 in four period separated portions. Each IP address consists of 32 bits and 32 bits are consisting of 4 bytes. A computer byte can contain 256 different values e.g 00000000, 00100010, 00000111, 11111000, 01010101, 001100110 and up to 11111111. Domain NamesDomain names are the unique identifier of a website because 12 digits numbers are difficult to remember. The name used for the web address is called a domain name e.g www.google.com, www.msn.com, www.yahoo.com all are domain names and comparatively are easy to remember instead of 12 digits numbers like, 123.220.44.240, 100.100.100.101 and 202.202.56.110. When you type a domain name in your web browser the domain name is translated into IP address by the DNS server, which is managed by your local ISPs or your corporate DNS servers. All over the world a larger number of the DNS servers are connected with each other some are primary DNS servers, secondary DNS servers, Master DNS servers and Root DNS servers. When a new domain is registered by a domain registrar with associated TCP/IP address then DNS servers from all over the world are updated. TCP/IP is a large collection of the different communication protocols.TCP/IP is a large collection of different communication protocols.A Family of ProtocolsTCP/IP is a large collection of different communication protocols based upon the two original protocols TCP and IP. Each protocol in the TCP/IP suite is responsible for the different communication tasks. HTTP is responsible for the communication between the web server and the web browser. It sends requests from the client (browser) to web server and returning the web pages to the client.HTTPS is responsible for the secure communication between the web browser and the web server. HTTPS usually handles the credit card transactions and other sensitive and secure data. SSL is responsible for the encryption of the data for the secure communication. SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol) is responsible for sending the emails. MIME (Multi purpose Internet mail extension) is responsible for communicating the multimedia data such as, voice, video, graphics etc. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is responsible for storing and retrieving the emails.POP (post office protocol) is used for downloading the emails from the email server to the personal computer. FTP (File transfer protocol) it takes cares of transferring the files between the computers. NTP (Network time protocol) is used to synchronize the time between the networks. DHCP (Dynamic host configuration protocol) is responsible for assigning the IP address dynamically to the network computers. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is used for administration of a computer network.LDAP (Light weight directory access protocol) is used for storing the names and email addresses on the internet and also communicating with the Active directory in computer network. ARP (Address resolution protocol) is used to find the hardware address of a computer based on the IP address. Boot P protocol is used for starting computers in a network. PPTP (Point to point tunneling protocol) is used to make a secure tunnel in the private networks such as VPN.TCP/IP is the Internet Communication Protocol.A protocol is a set of rules, agreed upon methods or a communication language, which both computers understand and agree upon. TCP/IP defines the rules to communicate over the internet. Internet browsers and Internet servers uses TCP/IP to communicate on the internetWeb browsers, Web servers, Email programs and internet address all follow TCP/IP. An IP address is a part of the TCP/IP protocols.

Computer Network Protocols

The word protocol is derived from the Greek word “protocollon” which means a leaf of paper glued to manuscript volume. In computer protocols means a set of rules, a communication language or set of standards between two or more computing devices. Protocols exist at the several levels of the OSI (open system interconnectivity) layers model. In the telecommunication system, there are one more protocols at each layer of the telephone exchange. On the internet, there is a suite of the protocols known as TCP/IP protocols that are consisting of transmission control protocol, internet protocol, file transfer protocol, dynamic host configuration protocol, Border gateway protocol and a number of other protocols.In the telecommunication, a protocol is set of rules for data representation, authentication, and error detection. The communication protocols in the computer networking are intended for the secure, fast and error free data delivery between two communication devices. Communication protocols follow certain rules for the transmission of the data.Protocols PropertiesDifferent protocols perform different functions so it is difficult to generalize the properties of the protocols. There are some basic properties of most of the protocols.• Detection of the physical (wired or wireless connection)• Handshaking• How to format a message.• How to send and receive a message.• Negotiation of the various connections• Correction of the corrupted or improperly formatted messages.• Termination of the session.The widespread use of the communication protocols is a prerequisite to the internet. The term TCP/IP refers to the protocols suite and a pair of the TCP and IP protocols are the most important internet communication protocols. Most protocols in communication are layered together where the various tasks listed above are divided. Protocols stacks refer to the combination of the different protocols. The OSI reference model is the conceptual model that is used to represent the protocols stacks. There are different network protocols that perform different functions. Following is the description of the some of the most commonly used protocols.HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)Hypertext transfer protocol is a method of transmitting the information on the web. HTTP basically publishes and retrieves the HTTP pages on the World Wide Web. HTTP is a language that is used to communicate between the browser and web server. The information that is transferred using HTTP can be plain text, audio, video, images, and hypertext. HTTP is a request/response protocol between the client and server. Many proxies, tunnels, and gateways can be existing between the web browser (client) and server (web server). An HTTP client initializes a request by establishing a TCP connection to a particular port on the remote host (typically 80 or 8080). An HTTP server listens to that port and receives a request message from the client. Upon receiving the request, server sends back 200 OK messages, its own message, an error message or other message. POP3 (Post Office Protocol)In computing, e-mail clients such as (MS outlook, outlook express and thunderbird) use Post office Protocol to retreive emails from the remote server over the TCP/IP connection. Nearly all the users of the Internet service providers use POP 3 in the email clients to retrieve the emails from the email servers. Most email applications use POP protocol.SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is a protocol that is used to send the email messages between the servers. Most email systems and email clients use the SMTP protocol to send messages to one server to another. In configuring an email application, you need to configure POP, SMTP and IMAP protocols in your email software. SMTP is a simple, text based protocol and one or more recipient of the message is specified and then the message is transferred. SMTP connection is easily tested by the Telnet utility. SMTP uses the by default TCP port number 25FTP (File Transfer Protocol)FTP or file transfer protocol is used to transfer (upload/download) data from one computer to another over the internet or through or computer network. FTP is a most commonly communication protocol for transferring the files over the internet. Typically, there are two computers are involved in the transferring the files a server and a client. The client computer that is running FTP client software such as Cuteftp and AceFTP etc initiates a connection with the remote computer (server). After successfully connected with the server, the client computer can perform a number of the operations like downloading the files, uploading, renaming and deleting the files, creating the new folders etc. Virtually operating system supports FTP protocols. IP (Internet Protocol)An Internet protocol (IP) is a unique address or identifier of each computer or communication devices on the network and internet. Any participating computer networking device such as routers, computers, printers, internet fax machines and switches may have their own unique IP address. Personal information about someone can be found by the IP address. Every domain on the internet must have a unique or shared IP address. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)The DHCP or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a set of rules used by a communication device such as router, computer or network adapter to allow the device to request and obtain and IP address from a server which has a list of the larger number of addresses. DHCP is a protocol that is used by the network computers to obtain the IP addresses and other settings such as gateway, DNS, subnet mask from the DHCP server. DHCP ensures that all the IP addresses are unique and the IP address management is done by the server and not by the human. The assignment of the IP addresses is expires after the predetermined period of time. DHCP works in four phases known as DORA such as Discover, Observe, Request and AuthorizeIMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)The Internet Message Access Protocol known as IMAP is an application layer protocol that is used to access to access the emails on the remote servers. POP3 and IMAP are the two most commonly used email retrieval protocols. Most of the email clients such as outlook express, thunderbird and MS outlooks support POP3 and IMAP. The email messages are generally stored on the email server and the users generally retreive these messages whether by the web browser or email clients. IMAP is generally used in the large networks. IMAP allows users to access their messages instantly on their systems. ARCNETARCNET is a local area network technology that uses token bus scheme for managing line sharing among the workstations. When a device on a network wants to send a message, it inserts a token that is set to 1 and when a destination device reads the message it resets the token to 0 so that the frame can be used by another device. FDDI Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) provides a standard for data transmission in a local area network that can extend a range of 200 kilometers. The FDDI uses token ring protocol as its basis. FDDI local area network can support a large number of users and can cover a large geographical area. FDDI uses fiber optic as a standard communication medium. FDDI uses dual attached token ring topology. A FDDI network contains two token rings and the primary ring offers the capacity of 100 Mbits/s. FDDI is an ANSI standard network and it can support 500 stations in 2 kilometers.UDPThe user datagram protocol is a most important protocol of the TCP/IP suite and is used to send the short messages known as datagram. Common network applications that uses UDP are DNS, online games, IPTV, TFTP and VOIP. UDP is very fast and light weight. UDP is an unreliable connectionless protocol that operates on the transport layer and it is sometimes called Universal Datagram Protocol. X.25X.25 is a standard protocol suite for wide area networks using a phone line or ISDN system. The X.25 standard was approved by CCITT now ITU in 1976. TFTPTrivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a very simple file transfer protocol with the very basic features of the FTP. TFTP can be implemented in a very small amount of memory. TFTP is useful for booting computers such as routers. TFTP is also used to transfer the files over the network. TFPT uses UDP and provides no security features.SNMPThe simple network management protocol (SNMP) forms the TCP/IP suite. SNMP is used to manage the network attached devices of the complex network.PPTPThe point to point tunneling protocol is used in the virtual private networks. PPP works by sending regular PPP session. PPTP is a method of implementing VPN networks. OTHER PROTOCOLSVTP, ARP, IPX, OSPF, RARP, NFS, BOOTP, NNTP, IRC, RADIUS, Soap, Telnet, RIP, SSH.

Subnetting

Here you will find subnet network overview, ip addressing, address translation, network overview, subnet masking and subnetting overview. A subnet or a subnetwork is a separate part of an organization’s network. In a subnet all the machines are typically in one room, building or at one geographical location. By dividing an organization’s network into the subnets allows it to connect to the internet by using the same shared network address. Without subnet’s an organization may get different connections to access the internet. Subnetting is the modification of a single IP network to create two or more logically different networks. A subnet allows the flow of network traffic between hosts to be segregated based on the configuration of a network. Subnetting can improve the network security and performance by arranging the hosts into the different logical groups. Subnetting is required when one network address needs to be distributed across multiple network segments. Subnetting is required when a company uses two or more types of the network technologies like Ethernet and Token Ring.Two network segments are restricted by distance limitations. Submetting or dividing the network into the segments is also required when localized network management is required for example accounting, sales, customer service departments. There is another reason for the subnetting, which is that the computers on the network, which use more bandwidth, needs to be separated from the rest of the computers. There are certain advantages and disadvantages of the subnetting. Before you start dividing your network into the different segments, you should assign the IP address to each computer in your network segment. Subnetting makes the network management easier and it is also very helpful for the troubleshooting of a network segment. The internet is a collection of networks where users communication with each other. Each communication on the internet carries the source and the destination address of the computer. This address is called IP address. This 32 bit address has two parts: one part represents the network portion and the other part represents the host portion of the IP address. A company can use some of the bits in the machine or host portion of the address to identify a subnet. In this scenario, the IP address contains three parts: the network address, the subnet address and the machine address.Subnet Mask BasicsThe most recognizable part aspect of subnetting is the Subnet mask. A subnet mask contains 4 bytes, 32 bits and is divided into 4 period separated octets. Typically, a very common subnet mask in binary looks like this.11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000255 255 0 0How to Apply a Subnet MaskA subnet mask does not work like an IP address and it cannot exist separately without an IP address. An IP address and subnet mask work together to form a network. An IP address splits into two main parts when applying the subnet mask. The leftmost bits of a subnet mask must be set to 1. For example11111111.00000000.00000000.0000000011111111.11111111.00000000.0000000011111111.11111111.11111111.00000000The above example shows the valid representation of a subnet mask into the binary numbers.00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 is an invalid subnet mask. 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 is also invalid subnet mask.All valid subnet masks contain two parts: the left side with all mask bits set to '1' (the extended network portion) and the right side with all bits set to '0' (the host portion), such as the first example above. Subnetting an IP network can be performed for a variety of reasons such as using the different physical media in an organization, such as FDDI, WAN and Ethernet, preservation of the addresses and for the purpose of security, management and ease of troubleshooting. The mostcommon reason of the subnetting is to control the network traffic. In an Ethernet network, all computers in a segment see all the packets that are transmitted by all the other computers on the same segment.In this situation, the network performance can be badly affected due to the heavy traffic loads, collisions and the retransmission of the packets. A router is used to connect the IP networks and it also helps to minimize the load of the traffic.Subnet MaskingBy applying the subnet mask to the IP address you can identify the network and host portion of the IP address. The decimal number 1 represents the network portion in the subnet mask and the node is represented the 0s. Performing a logical AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask resulting in the network address. For example, using our test IP address and the default Class B subnet mask, we get: 10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000 140.179.240.200 IP address of the class B11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.000.000 Default subnet mask of class B--------------------------------------------------------10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000 140.179.000.000 Network Address valueThe following example shows the default subnet masks.• Class A Subnet Mask- 255.0.0.0 - 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 • Class B Subnet Mask- 255.255.0.0 - 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 • Class C Subnet Mask- 255.255.255.0 - 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Subnetting ReviewSubnetting allows network and system administrators some flexibility in defining relationship among the hosts of a network. Hosts on the logically and physically different subnets can talk to each other through specialized devices called gateway or router. The ability to filter the traffic betweensubnets can make the more bandwidth availability. Subnetting referred to as subdivision of a class based networks into subnetworks.A router can exchange subnet routes with the other routers in the network. A subnetted network can’t be split into the isolated portion. All the subnets must be contiguous because the routing information cannot be passed to a non-network member. Router can exchange subnet routes with other routers within the network. Since the subnet masks are identical across the network, the routers will interpret these routes in the same manner. However, routers not attached to the subnetted network can't interpret these subnet routes, since they lack the subnet mask. Therefore, subnet routes are not relayed to routers on other networks. This leads to our secondrestriction. Subnetting allows you to create multiple logically different networks within the same class A, B or C. If you break a major network into smaller networks, it allows you to create a network of interconnecting subnetworks. Any device or gateway that is responsible for connecting the different subnetworks must have the distinct IP address one for each subnetwork.To subnet a network use and extend the natural subnet mask using some of the bits from the host ID portion to create a subnetwork ID. In this example, given a Class C network of the IP address 4.15.5.0 which has a natural subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, you can create subnets in this manner:11001100.00001111.00000101.00000000 204.15.5.011111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224---------------------------------subnet---- By extending the natural subnet mask to be 255.255.255.224, you have used three bits from the host portion of the mask and used them to make subnets. By using these 3 bits, it is possible to create 8 subnets. The remaining five ID bits of the host portion, each subnet can make 32 host addresses and the 30 addresses out of 32 are assigned to the devices or computers. The host IDsof all zeros and all ones are not allowed. 204.15.5.0 255.255.255.224 host address range 1 to 30204.15.5.32 255.255.255.224 host address range 33 to 62204.15.5.64 255.255.255.224 host address range 65 to 94204.15.5.96 255.255.255.224 host address range 97 to 126204.15.5.128 255.255.255.224 host address range 129 to 158204.15.5.160 255.255.255.224 host address range 161 to 190204.15.5.192 255.255.255.224 host address range 193 to 222204.15.5.224 255.255.255.224 host address range 225 to 254

GATEWAY

Here you will get the software and hardware network gateway overview and general introduction, basic configurations, software configuration, bandwidth, firewall overview and routing methods. Gateway is a network point that acts as the entrance point to another network. A gateway can be a hardware or software. On the Internet, a node or a stopping point can be a gateway or a host. A router also acts as a gateway. The computers that control and manage traffic and bandwidth within your company’s network or at the ISP are the gateway nodes. In the enterprise network the gateway node acts as a proxy server and a firewall. The gateway is also associated with a router and a switch. A network gateway is an internetworking system that joins two networks together and it can be configured in software, hardware or both. Network gateway can operate at any level of OSI layers model.CONFIGURING THE GATEWAYThe gateway has two sides: The WAN side connects to your cable DSL modem and LAN side connects to your private network via a hub or switch. The main function of it is to route the traffic from computer to the Internet and back to the computer. A computer with the two NIC cards can act as a gateway. It routes the network traffic between two logically and physically different networks. In its configurations, you first configure the public side of the gateway and the IP address, which is assigned to you by your ISP. The public side configurations generally includes, assigning the IP address, DNS server, subnet mask, ISP gateway IP address and host name. Additionally, if your ISP uses PPPoE, you simply have to enable PPPoE in your gateway. On the other hand to configure the private side , you have to enable DHCP. By enabling this feature each computer in your network, will automatically pick the settings from the DHCP server that are required for a computer to be a part of the network and communicate. SOFTWARE CONFIGURATIONThe last step in the configurations, is to configure each PC in such a way that it automatically gets the all the settings from the DHCP server. Make sure that TCP/IP protocol is properly installed in each computer of your network. After configuring each PC in your network perform a reboot.After rebooting the each PC in your network, you will see a blinking underneath network icon on the right side of the task bar. If everything is done then you can access the internet, share the printer and data in your network. The firewall can also be configured with it to put a check on the unauthorized network traffic from the internet to your computer or network.

Network Routing

You will be able to find the basic network routing overview, router configuration, router working, simulations static routes and routing table. Routing is the process of defining routes for the packets to its destination through an internetwork and this is performed by the router. Routing is consist of two separate tasks.1. Defining paths for the packets through and internetwork. 2. Forwarding data packets based on their predefined paths. Generally, there are two types of routing.STATIC AND DYNAMIC ROUTINGRouting can be performed by manually defining the routes or paths for packets to reach its destination. This is called static routing. Stating routing works well for the small networks and when using the static routing, the routing table of the each router should be updated each time there is any change in the network configuration or topology. A router, whose routing table is not regularly updated, cannot communicate with the other routers.While on the other end in most of the networks, routing is accomplished through the use of the dynamic routing. In the dynamic routing, routing protocols, such as RIP, OSPF etc create and maintain the routing tables of each router. Practically, dynamic routing functions very well than the static routingROUTING TABLE A routing table is a set or rules, viewed in a tabular format and this used to define the routes of the data packets. All the network devices, which have IP, enabled functionality such as routers and switches use the routing tables. Routing table stores the information and configurations of every router in the IP enabled network. A routing table contains the information necessary to transmit the packets toward its destination.When a packet is received, the network devices matches the information contained in the packets and the information in the routing tables and then it defines the shortest possible route for the transmission of the packets towards its destination. Each packet contains the information of its origin and destination and the routing table contains the following information.• Destination: The IP address of the packet’s final destination (next hop). Next hop: The IP address to which the packet is forwarded • Metric: It assigns the cost to each route so that most-effective paths can be picked up. • Routes: It includes directly attached direct subnets, indirect subnets, that are not directly connected to the device but it can be accesses through one ore more hops• Interface: The outgoing network interface the device should use when forwarding the packet to its final destination. Routing tables can be maintained manually by the network administrator or by dynamically (automatically). The static network tables do not change unless the network administrator changes them. Routing tables can be maintained manually or dynamically. Tables for static network devices do not change unless a network administrator manually changes them. In the dynamic routing, the network devices such as routers and switches maintain the routing tables dynamically by using the routing protocols, such as RIP, OSPF etc. In the dynamic routing, the network devices listen and detect any network or devices failure and packet congestions. Routing in the InternetRouting is the method in which data finds its destination from one computer to the next. In the Internet there are 3 major aspects of routing. 1. Physical Address Finding 2. Determination of inter-network gateways 3. Numeric and symbolic Addresses Physical address finding is the method of the Internet Routing and is used when datagram is transmitted from a computer. It is necessary to encapsulate the IP datagram. This encapsulation requires the local network or physical address. If a computer wishes to transmit IP datagram it needs to encapsulate the physical address of the destination network device in the frame. This address can be achieved by using the table that will map the IP address with the physical address. Such table can be configured into a file that can be read into the memory at the boot up time. Computer normally uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which operates dynamically to maintain the translation table.The second method is necessary because the Internet consists of a large number of local networks, which are interconnected with each other by gateways. Such gateways are known as routers, which has physical as well as logical connectivity with many networks. The determination of the best suitable gateway and port for a particular IP address is called routing. The third method generally involves the translation of the human friendly form (names) to the number address (IP Address). IP address can’t be remembered due to its numeric form but the simplest names (domain names) are easy to remember e.g www.yahoo.com, www.google.com, www.msn.com are easiest to remember as compared to the IP addresses 122.11.22.34, 223.45.66.76, 155.44.55.120. DNS translates the domain names into the IP address and IP address into the domain name. This domain to IP translation is a must for communicating on the Internet because communication on the Internet is performed by the IP addresses.Communication between routersThe Internet is a network of networks. The Internet consists of large number of autonomous systems, each of which further consists of routing domains. Such autonomous systems are usually run by the larger companies or universities. Within the Autonomous system, a router communicates with the other router using the best intra domain routing protocols, which are known as interior gateway protocols. Autonomous system are connected via gateways, these exchange information using inter domain routing protocol, which are also called exterior gateway protocols. The RIP or (Routing Information Protocol) is the commonest interior gateway protocol and the recent protocol such as open shortest path first (OSPF). The purpose of these protocols is to enable routers to exchange locally so that all the routers in the autonomous system must a have coherent and up to date information. When a host receives the new routing information, it is likely to update not only to it but also sends this new updated information to all the connected hosts so that they can updated themselves. Hence these changes propagate across the entire network.

Internet Fax Services

Here you will learn internet fax server overview and general introduction to the online faxing methods, how to send a fax and online services. A fax server consists of these things a PC, which is connected to the LAN, Fax server software installed on the PC and a Fax modem or a Fax board. Fax messages can be stored as printable documents, spread sheet, database or graphics. When someone wants to fax the documents, they can print the document to the fax printer then put the recipient information such as name and fax number, select the cover letter, type your message and then send the fax through the faxing software installed on your PC. Alternatively, you can send the fax to the email messages and can take the fax number from the outlook express contact’s list. Sending fax through PC typically takes less than 30 seconds.Alternatively, fax server can also be setup to receive the faxes and after receiving the faxes, these can be sent to the printer machine or can be sent to the specific recipient’s email address to notify them that he/she has received a fax.There are certain advantages of the PC fax server, which I have discussed as follows.1. The main feature of the Fax server is that it saves your time and cost and you can send the fax in the same way as you send emails and attached the fax to send to the recipients. 2. Invoicing, purchase orders and requested information can be scheduled to be faxed to the intended recipients. 3.Fax server will also retry if the recipient number is busy or if there is any error in the number.4. You can also save the fax numbers of the frequent users.5. Fax books also make it easy to send the faxes to the groups of people and at the scheduled times.6. The faxes that are sent directly through the PC are looks better in terms of the resolution.7. You can also manage the fax server to redirect the receiving faxes to the appropriate recipient so ensuring the security and timely receiving of the faxes.8. The administrators can automate many functions of the fax server. A fax server can be configured to automatically send the invoices, purchase orders and the promotional newsletters. Additionally, a fax server can work without papers and reduces the overhead of putting and checking the papers again and again. Fax messages can be stored in your PC.What is a Internet FaxInternet fax is a device that uses IP networks to transmit the faxes instead of the PSTN. Internet fax uses e-mails as the medium for sending the faxes. Internet fax services include email to fax, fax to email and PC to fax (sending faxes from your computer). Internet fax is type of service, which enables you to send and receive the faxes in a timely manner without a fax machine. Only an email accounts is required to setup your Internet fax account. Subscribers have to monthly fees to the internet fax service providers. Internet fax service providers usually works in a way that when a fax is sent to the subscriber’s number, the fax service receives the fax and send it to the recipient’s email address as an attachment. All you need is to have the registered email address with the internet fax service providers. You have to write the fax content in the body of the email and type the fax number in the “To” field with a @ sign and a internet fax service name e.g 14545668999@efax.com. In the subject field sender can write the name of the recipient.There is a small tool bar in the system tray for sending and receiving the faxes and it comes after installing the fax software. Upon receiving the email to the Internet fax service providers the automated programs convert the email messages to the fax format and send the fax to the recipient fax number. On the other, hand the recipient receives the fax on their fax machine normally. The Internet fax services provide very ease and you assigned a fax number, which has to be active 24 hours so that you account can accept the faxes. On the other hand, the working of the regular fax machine is typically depends on your telephone line, which should be free while sending and receiving the fax. Internet fax service also saves your papers and the need of the fax machine. Internet fax service is very familiar to the sending and receiving the email messages and it also saves the cost and time so many people are likely to use this service. Another big advantage is given by the Internet service providers is that it offers the toll free numbers to its subscribers in USA and Canada. So the people from USA and Canada can send faxes for free. Most internet fax services costs $10-20 per month. The communication charges are greatly reduced as opposed to the conventional fax machines, which costs a user per page.

Windows Firewall

Windows firewall is a protective layer or boundary that monitors the in and out traffic from your network and internet. The firewall is a protective and defensive boundary against the intruders and unauthorized persons. You can enable the firewall in XP Professional with these simple steps. 1. Click Start > Settings > Control Panel2. Windows Firewall > Double click.Network Troubleshooting TipsIf you find a communication failure error in the TCP/IP network then try to find and troubleshoot the errors with the following methods.1. Make sure you can ping the other computer by name.2. Make sure you can pint the other computer by IP address.3. Make sure you have assigned unique IP address and computer name to all the computers in the network.4. Make sure you have assigned the correct gateway, subnet mask, DNS and DHCP addresses.5. For troubleshooting purpose try to uninstall any firewall software and see if the problem is resolved.Windows Network SecuritySecurity a computer network should be the top priority of the network administrators, system managers and security specialists. You can secure your computer network by doing these things such as installing the updated operating system, up-to-date antivirus program, event log monitoring, encryption, group policy management, patch management, security scanners, auditing, firewall security, web application security, web content filtering and controlling the access to only the authorized users.What is a Web Server?Learn Web server software overview, how to configure, how it works, apache, tomcat. Web server is a computer including a software package that provides the specific services to the client computers. Web server delivers the web pages. Every web server has an IP address and a domain name. If you sends a request through your browser for this website http://www.networktutorials.info, the request goes to the server whose domain name is networktutorials.info. The server fetches the index or main page of the website and sends it to your browser. Web-based servers are used for hosting the websites. One web server can hosts thousands for one sites. But in the hosting companies there are number of the web servers for load balancing and sharing the other services. A computer can be act as a web server by installing and configuring the server software and connecting the computer to the Internet. Normally, web server computers have to be turn on (online) for almost all the day. There are many software applications that are used as the web server like IIS, Apache web server, Tom Cat web server. A web server typically accepts thousands of the concurrent incoming requests for the specific domain, that it hosts.In case if the server is down for any reason, the websites that are hosted on this server cannot be accessed. So the downtime is a biggest negative thing for the web hosting companies. Many hosting companies have to mention the uptime of their servers for the client’s satisfactions like 99.9 % uptime. You may have seen this percentage on many hosting companies’ websites.The web servers serves the objects in the form of html documents, plain text, images, sounds, video and some other form of the data. Many of the data types may not be placed in the static form but they are shown on the run time by the software programs, that are installed on the web server and the CGI scripts are the most common form of these programs.Web servers and the browsers such as internet explorer, Firefox, Netscape, Opera etc communicate with the web server by using the HTTP protocols (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). This is very effective method of requesting the data over the Internet. Web servers are in various shapes and sized and run under different operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Unix etc. They are also range differently in prices and working.Apache Web ServerThe Apache web server is the most popular and most commonly used web server today. Apache web server has many features and good functionality that appeals to the users and that’s major cause of its popularity. On the other end, Microsoft’s IIS still is struggling to complete fully with apache web server. IIS is a very good server on the NT platforms and Apache is compatible with the Linux/Unix platforms. Another big reason for the worldwide acceptance of the Apache web server is its stability. Many big websites on the Internet has chosen Apache web server for their hosting needs. Additionally, Apache web server is a relatively fast. If your website contents are static then Apache’s working is very efficient and fast and on the other end, if you are using scripts like CGI scripts or others, it usually slows down the speed of the Apache web server.A Web server is simply a little piece of the software, it takes the file name sent in the GET command, retrieves that files and send it back to the browser. Most servers implement some level of security on the serving process. For example login/password accessible page requires the proper login and password from the users to accept that page. Web servers have the database and login information of the entire subscriber and only a subscriber of that typical service will be able to see that page. Additionally, while doing secure transactions the web pages allows encrypted transactions between the browsers and the servers such as on the E-commerce websites and other websites where a transaction through a credit card is required. Basic Overview How Web Server WorksA web server performs various tasks on the request from the clients. To understand the working of the web server, it is necessary to first understand that what is client and server and what is their relationship with each other. A client is a program that sends request to a server and server responds to the requests of the clients. This generic definition covers many types of relationships between client and servers like database server & web server etc. Web server have to be connected to the internet because client computers need to access them for various needs like data, files, graphics, video and html documents access.The client program such as browsers and typically designed for the purpose of communicating with the web servers. A browser itself has different levels of features and security. To start the communication between the client (browser) and the server, a set of rules or agreed upon way is required and that is called a protocol. To access the web pages from the server HTTP protocol is required and for the file sharing access FTP protocol is required. There are a large number of the web protocols. A web server is configured and designed in such a way that it responds to the thousands of the concurrent incoming requests from the clients for different things like html documents, graphics, images or video etc.

Windows Networking

What is Windows Networking?The term networking covers a broad range of the topics and technologies. A computer network is segmented into different parts to share the data and resourced between the different computers of a network. Microsoft has released the operating systems that have the networking capabilities so Microsoft Windows 98, Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows 2003, Windows XP Professional and Windows Vista all are the network operating systems. All these operating systems have built inn capabilities of files and printer sharing, security, network administrative control, protocols support such as TCP/IP, NetBIOS, IPX/SPX and network hardware support.Naming ComputersAll computers in a Windows based network requires a unique name for their identification i.e. the name of the computer A cannot be assigned to the computer B and so on. Assign a meaningful computer name to all the computers and the name should be easy to remember. All the names should be configured properly and ensure that the name is not longer than the 15 characters and they contain no spaces in them. Also try to avoid the special names while naming the computers such as / \ *,:,. To assign a computer name in Windows XP and Windows 2000 do the following things.1.Right click on the My Computer.2. Click Properties3. Click on Computer name.4. Assign a unique and meaningful computer name.Naming Workgroup and DomainsA Windows based computer network can be a workgroup (Peer to Peer) or domain (client/server). You can make your computer a part of the workgroup or a domain. If you have centralized server then your computer will be part of the domain and if you have no server then all computers will be having peer to peer networking. In both cases, while joining your computer to a domain or a workgroup always assign unique, sequenced, memorable and meaningful names to the computers. Do not use duplicate names and the special characters such as / \ *,:,,. In order to join a computer to a domain or workgroup in Windows 2000 and Windows XP Professional do the following.1. Right Click on My Computer2. Click Properties3. Click on Computer Name4. In Workgroup or domain, enter the name of the workgroup or domain.If everything is correct such as unique computer name, unique IP address, correct workgroup or domain name then you computer will be the part of the workgroup or domain in the few seconds and you will be see a welcome to domain or workgroup message and will be prompted to restart the computer name.Files SharingBeing on network computer files and printer sharing is a must. To enable the files and folder sharing in Windows XP Professional 2000 and Windows 2000 do the following.1. Right Click on the folder name you want to share.2. Click on the properties.3. Click Sharing.4. Click on Share this computer on the network.5. Assign a shared computer name.You can set the sharing rights for the users and also control the shared folder access by allowing and denying permissions to specific users or groups. If you want to share the individual files, you can put the files in the same shared folder. All the files and folders in the parent shared folder will be automatically shared.Network Cable Errors in WindowsIf your computer network cable is not working properly, you will see a repeated message or pop up “network cable is unplugged” on your desktop and the blinking status lights of the network will also stop blinking. There can be many causes of this problem and you can fix this error with these simple tips. If you have another Ethernet adapter installed but not using it, then disable it by right clicking on the monitor icons on the right side of the desktop and select the disable option. Check both ends of the cables and ensure that the RJ 45 connectors are properly inserted in the LAN card and in the Hub/Switch. Update the drive of the LAN card from the vendor’s website and if the problem still exist then replace the cable with new one. If the problem is still not resolved then replace the LAN card with a new one and try to use a new hub or switch and put cable’s one end into it. By these simple steps, you will be able to trace out and troubleshoot the problem.

VOIP Network

Introduction to voip network, how internet telephony works, how to make internet phone calls, and what actually is voice over internet protocol. VOIP is simply a transmission of the voice traffic over IP networks. VOIP is a family of technologies, in which IP networks are used for the voice applications and traffic e.g IP telephony, voice chat and teleconferencing. VOIP gives solution at almost every layer of the IP network. The Internet Protocol was developed and designed for data communication. The success of the IP network has led to its adaptation to voice networking. Voice over internet protocol is the fast emerging and replacement technology for the voice communication. Many people still want to know that how it works. Voice over internet protocol costs less than your regular phone service and for this reason it’s more attractive to the consumers. VOIP also costs less than a mobile phone’s monthly cost. In the fast communication age, the number of the VOIP providers is increasing. As the number of the VOIP providers grows it gives the more options and calling plans. The VOIP service is available for both residential and commercial use that ranges from PC-to-PC service and PC-to-Phone and Phone-to-Phone. The following are the most common and basic features of the VoIP.VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL FEATURESThe major feature of the VoIP is that the customers can make call to everywhere in the world. Only the broadband internet connection is required. The customers can take their IP phones with them on the national trips as well as on the International trips. Among the other features of the VoIP are the soft phones, which is a software application that loads onto the computer and is used to make the phone calls. The interface of these softphones is similar to the telephone. By these software phones, anyone call make phone calls to everywhere in the world if broadband internet connection access is available. The most VOIP services also gives the access and options of call waiting, caller id, call transfer, repeat dialing and three way dialing features. There are some additional features like call filtering, forwarding a call or sending a call to the voice mail, but the service providers may charge additionally for these services. Most VoIP service providers allow the customers to check their voicemail or attached messages to an e-mail by connecting to the web.The facilities and the components of a VoIP phone system that are supplied by the VoIp providers and phone operators are generally vary with each other. The users should be aware of the pros and cons of the VoIP services before subscribing. Also, the customer should also check the availability of the 24/7 cutomer support that may be required fro the VoIP hardware as well as software configurations and for other technical issues. How IP Telephony Fits InAmong the other names in the VoIP industry, the Skype and Vonage are the biggest names and all the credit for the growth of VoIP goes to Skype and Vonage. There are a large number of other vendors for the telecommunication industry that have promoted the “IP telephony”. As well as the Cisco Systems and Avaya were two of the earlier names in the VoIP phone system technology. The have paved the way for the growth of VoIP technology. More and more residential customers are using the VoIP service likewise the corporate customers are integrated the IP based-voice technology and upgrading their IP networks to support the VoIP technology. This transition is similar to the move from mainframe computers to the personal computers a couple of years agoHOW DOES VOIP OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL WORKSVoice Over Internet Protocol also called Internet Telephony and internet telphony is the technology fo future. With this technology you can make free of cost and very cheap long distance calls all over the world. VoIP uses a broadband Internet connection for routing telephone calls as opposed to the switching and fiber optics. By this process the customer can get the higher efficiency and quality of service as well as low cost. One major and interesting aspect of the VoIP technology is that there is no major infrastructure is required.The VoIP infrastructure includes the broadband Internet connection, regular telephone line and VoIP software and hardware. Some of renowned companies of the voice over internet protocol business are Vonage and Skype. These both companies prove services to their US people as well as people of the other countries. Cisco systems has also a big name in providing the VoIP hardware

ISDN Line

Find here ISDN Network, introduction to ISDN line, bri, t1 lines, d1 lines, primary rate interface, connection time and setup instructions. The regular phone line, which is used at home and offices is an analogue phone line. Your voice is picked up by telephone mouthpiece and then sent down the phone line as an analogue wave. Regular modem converts the digital signals of the computer into the analogue waves, which then travels on the regular phone lines. At the other end, modem receives that analogue signals and then convert back into the digital signals that are understandable by a computer ISDN network is a digital communication system that is capable of producing the maximum transmission speed of 1.4Mbps. 128Kbps speed is however more common in the digital technology. It's a international standard for sending data, voice, video over regular digital telephone lines. ISDN uses UTP (unshielded twisted pair cable) for transmission.Types of ISDN NetworkThere are two basic types• Basic Rate Interface (BRI) – It consists of two 64 B-channels and one D-channel for transmitting control information. • Primary Rate Interface (PRI) -- It consists of 23 B-channels and one D-channel (for U.S.) or 30 B-channels and one D-channel (for Europe).The actual version of ISDN employs base band transmission. Another version, called B-ISDN, uses broadband transmission, which is able to support transmission rate of 1.5 Mbps. B-ISDN mainly requires fiber optic cables. To access the B channel, it is necessary to subscribe the ISDN phone line. Customers are also required to have some special ISDN devices, which are known as terminal adapters, which are used to communication with the telephone company switch or other ISDN devices.How ISDN WorksIn an analog network, a regular telephone line that is provided by the telephone company supports a single transmission channel, which normally can carry only one service, voice, data or video at a single time. With ISDN, this same pair telephone line is logically divided into the multiple channels. A typical line has two channels.The first type of channel is called B channel. This channel can carry about 64Kbps of data. Typical ISDN line has 2 B channels. One channel is used for voice and other channel is used for data communication. This data/voice transmission process occurs on the regular one pair copper wire. The second type of channel is used for link and call setup. This channel is known as D channel or Delta Channel. The third channel has only 16Kbps of bandwidth.AdvantagesSpeed There is an upper limit of the speed in the commonly used dial up modems, which is 56kbps. But due to the quality and other factor, the maximum attainable speed is 45kbps. ISDN allows multiple digital channels to operate simultaneously through the same regular one pair copper wire. If the telephone company supports the digital connections then a change can occur. The digital signals instead of the analogue signals, transmitted across the telephone line. In the digital scheme, there is much more data transfer rate than the analog lines. Multiple Devices A separate telephone line is required for using the fax, telephone, computer, router and live video conferencing systems. A separate line is required for each device. ISDN network lines can handle the multiple devices on the single line. Up to eight devices such as, computer, faxes, cash registers, credit card readers or other devices can directly be connected to a single ISDN line, all these devices can work simultaneously. Connection Time V.34 modems typical take 30-60 seconds to establish a connection and on the other end an ISDN call usually takes less than 2 seconds to establish a connection. DisadvantagesThere are some disadvantages of the ISDN lines, which I have discussed below.1. ISDN is more expensive than the Plain old telephone system. 2. The telephone company and the ISDN user both are required to have the specialized digital devices.ADSL VS ISDNThere is a noticeable difference between the two services.• ISDN provides two voice channels or one 128Kbps data channel while ADSL is basically a data pipe. • The power for ADSL is sent by carrier over copper wire; as with the local phone service. The line works even when local power fails. This is an advantage over the ISDN lines, which requires the local power supply.

setup the Gateway Device

Gateway device – There are different gateway devices available from different companies likedlink.com, linksys.com, netgear.com and Cisco systems. Each device has difference setup configurations but the basic purpose of all these devices is the same. The Gateways have a number of common features and functions such as NAT (Network Address Translation) that translate your public IP address into the private IP address on your network, DHCP server, PPP. Before buying any gateway device, make sure gateway device must have all these features. Some advance gateways have the following features.• wireless access point• VPN • print server• DMZ (make one PC available to the Internet but still protect it through the firewall • multi-port • Content filteringMost advance gateways comes with integrated hubs or switches and if your gateway don’t have the functionality of a hub/switch then you will have to buy a hub/switch for your home network. Before buying a hub/switch you should consider the two main things 1. it should support dualspeed i.e 10mbps and 100mbps and 2. it should have maximum available ports. Cat5 cable – For setting up a home network, you will need a several pieces of the CAT5 Ethernet cables. These cables can be used in the different scenarios like for connecting the two PCs (if you have a two computer network) and if you have more than two computers then each computer will be directly connected with the hub/switch or gateway device. The most commonly used cable for computer networking is Cat5 cable. Once you have all the required things like cables, hub/switch, LAN cards etc. then install a network card in each PC. You must make sure that each card is properly installed and is not showing any signs of conflict with the other network devices.How to connect two computers wirelessly In some recent years, wireless networking solutions have became very popular. There are several wireless technologies exists to support the wireless networking. These technologies include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and infrared. Wi-Fi connections can reach at a greater distance than the other wireless solutions that are mentioned above. Many new PCs and Laptops now have the built-in capability of the Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi can be used with or without network fixture. In the two computers Wi-Fi networking minus a fixture also called ad-hoc Wi-Fi.Bluetooth technology supports high speed wireless connectivity and communication between the two computers without the need of a network fixture. Bluetooth is commonly used when networking a computer with the consumer’s cell phone or handheld device. Bluetooth works well if both the devices are in the same room or location. While networking among the handheld devices consider the Bluetooth technology solution. Infrared networking exists before the Wi-Fi or Bluetooth technologies on the Laptops. Infrared wireless connections only work between two computers and do not require a fixture. Infrared networking is relatively fast so consider using it if your computer supports it and you don’t have the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth features in your computer.

Home Computer Networking-Basic Setup

Here you will get the basic Introduction Home Computer Networking-Basic Setup, wireless access point, lan troubleshooting, lan connectivity, dsl modem, gateway device, vpn and wi-fi. Computer Networks exists for more than 30 years and only recently they have become more popular at home both in forms of wired and wireless networking. Now many computer literate people from all over the world wish to have a computer network at home. There are many advantages and usage of a network, which we have described in the other sections of this website. Millions of people have adopted the home network and now they are looking for the more advanced technology in the home networking and that is “wireless home networking”.We will discuss the various basic and advance aspects of the home networking considering that no prior knowledge of the network technology. We will briefly explain the setup, troubleshooting, installation, network devices used and other aspects of the home networking. Today in the age of Information technology, it’s not difficult for someone to have more than one PCat home.If I apply this situation to you (that you have more than one computer at your home) then most probably you would wish to have access on the data and resources like, hard disk, printer, modem of the other PC and you can even access the broadband Internet like DSL or cable modem and you can also play a multi-player network game. All this is possible by just connecting and configuring the two computers at your home. There are several ways to do the home networking but all it depends on budget, security needs and nature of your workYour cable/DSL modem plugs straight into the computer. The computer is exposed to the public Internet (indicated by the color red). There is no connection for more than one computer. You only have one IP address from your ISP. If you have a broadband Internet connection at your home like DSL or cable net then you can share your internet connection with more than one PC at your home by installing the network card in each PC and configuring the hub/switch or a router.If you have two PCs at your home and you want to share your internet connection with the other computer then you can simply share the internet connection by following these steps.1. Connect two PCs with CAT5 cable and make it a cross over cable. 2. After connecting both the PCs, assign a different IP addresses by going in the properties of the LAN card like 100.100.100.1 and 100.100.100.2 or you can assign any other IP address. (Please note that these IP addresses that you use for your home networking are the private IP addresses and they have nothing to do with the IP address that are used on the internet (public IP addresses). 3. After assigning the IP addresses install software on the computer one, which will be used for sharing the Internet connection and this will be called proxy software (and your computer one will act as a Proxy Server). The more common proxy software is Wingate, Win Proxy and Internet connection sharing (ICS). ICS is by default installed in Windows operating systems and can be configured separately. Internet access by using a hardware router/gateway/firewall device In this situation, you have to install a hardware router, which will be act as a gateway. Your router will be connected with the public IP address, which will be assigned to your by your ISP and hub/switch will be attached to the router. All the other PCs in your home or small network will be directly attached to that hub or switch.

Network Security

You will find here network security overview, networking solutions, anti virus, anti spamming tips, trojan horses, malware, adware. Security is an essential element in maintaining any network. The main focus of the IT managers and computer network administrators is to secure the computer networks.Users are happy to get the data on time and without any problem. The use of the authentication and biometrics can improve the security to some extend. Computer Security in the data communication cannot be compromised. Hackers’ can exploit the sensitive and financial and corporate data. There can be many threats to a computer network and it’s the responsibility of a computer network administrator to keep the computer network secure from these threats. IT Administrator should know about all the possible security attacks and also know their solutions. IT Administrator should look for the viruses from the Internet, Malware, Adware, Trojan horses, E-mail attachments, Floppy disk, CD or any infected computer that is attached to the network. Spyware and network intrusions are specifically designed to get the secret information from their target companies, which can do harm for the company. Everyday security threats are refined as hackers designed new security threats. The main cause of a security threat in the small companies is the misuse of the internet without proper anti virus, anti spyware installed on the every PC of the company’s network. For example if a company’s employees browse an inappropriate website, sends or receives the infected data, leaks company’s secret information, then there are greater chances for a possible virus/malware attack. In my opinion, the end user’s education on the security threats, preventions and precautionary measures are must. They should be trained about the possible and easy virus attacks from the internet if they browse the inappropriate sites.Another important thing is the insider’s attack e.g if the company’s employee leave the company for any reason, then its very important that all the computer and other company’s sensitive assets access should be revoked by him immediately. I have personally seen a situation, when a company’s network administrator was dismissed and he access the company’s server by VPN and send harmful viruses to the server and the entire computer network, and it was impossible for the IT manager to control all the security attacks in one time. It’s the responsibility to keep a closer eye on the new employee’s activities, their access to the sensitive data, and computers servers. IT managers should bring it in the knowledge of the employees that any change in their computer will be logged. So that nobody can even try to do anything that is not permitted. There are six basic security steps for the Windows platforms. If a network administrator can follow these steps then he/she can save the computerss from all the possible security threats and virus or malware attacks.First the IT managers should divide the computer network into the segments. They should filter the access to the internet with the help of a firewall by blocking TCP port 1433 and TCP port 1434. Internet access from the outside should be allowed to the SQL systems. All the unwanted ports should be blocked and only the required ports should be open for access.Second, moderate the affect of the spoofed ports. The port 80 is the most commonly used port.Third, as network administrator you should install the current patches to you’re your server computer and client’s up to date. Patches can prevent the systems from the known vulnerabilities. Latest patches can be downloaded from the Windows website. You can also configure to automatically update. Also third party patches products are also available that can be tested and installed. Additionally, by strengthening the user authentication process can be very helpful for security purposes.. You can use password security and other technological methods for the authenticate purpose. Fourth, you can limit the number of the network administrators it can also be helpful for security a computer network. Admin rights should not be given to the local PC, until and unless it is the requirements for the applications that are installed on the local PCs. Fifth, protect computers against the known attacks. Don’t disable any Windows known service such as clipbook, Telnet etc. Set the powerful permission the shared network resources. Last, you can configure the security policies. Implement the security policies on your network. Security measures and methods have expenses with their purchases. Deployment, maintenance and the implementations of these methods can increase the security cost. Some other things which a IT administrator or a IT manager should keep in mind are the education of the employees about the security, use of the encryption and digital right management software, block the unwanted emails and audit security on the regular basis. Network security methods should be used and implemented in order to prevent your computer network from the unauthorized access. In this article You have discovered the Computer Network Security Overview More topics to come are Cisco Labs, Routing, IP addressing & Free IT resources.